The purpose of present research was to recognition of universities social participation strategies with Local Communities in Semnan province and university of Semnan. Research method was mixed (quantitative and qualitative). Qualitative part was based on Grounded theory which its process administered through three stages of open, axial and selective coding using deep interview with experts. For this purpose, through purposeful sampling and theoretical saturation, semi – structured interview was administered with 13university internal Stakeholders and 16 external Stakeholders who were familiar with university social participation. Qualitative part is based on affirmative factor analysis which 385 person were selected as sample size. Finding from data analysis revealed 20 concepts and functions that through filtration and repetitive issues, 20 saturated concepts were recognized which are categorized in 10 items in a paradigmatic model of research showing strategic university social participation factors including: developing university mission based on Local community needs, scientific work shop and conferences, participatory research contracts, employment of Local human resources, establishing Local participation, building non – governmental communities and corporations, directing teaching and research toward solving Semnan problems, supervising research activities, comprehensive studies in the field of minerals, staring work shop for farmers, study graduates employment, start and developing new fields of study based on province and region needs, educating citizens about production and separation of domestic disposals, open university social climate for growth and supply of youth, teaching hand crafts to housewife's, especially in rural areas, sensitive programs related to environment, and reviewing educational contents based on community needs. Also, finding of quantitative parts confirm recognized strategies.

Co-management of water resources is one of the most important managerial approaches in water resources; its achievement requires the strengthening of social capital; also, the role of water resources Local Stakeholders in increasing the amount of this capital is undeniable. The social network analysis approach is one of the strategies that will examine the pattern of relationships between Local Stakeholders in planning, policy making and successful implementation of participatory water resources co-management. In this research, the social relationships between 143 farmers of Gezir village, Bandar-Lengeh province, which are used by indigenous structures for irrigation of the palm groves, have been investigated using the network analysis and network level measurements( density, Reciprocity and average geodesic distance); The data of this study were collected in the fall and winter of 1396. The results represent the favorable social capital that the optimal amount of this capital derives from the applicability and importance of the indigenous community structures, in particular the cistern structure, for managing water resources through strong links of Consultation( rainfall time) and Collaboration in the affairs related to these structures. Therefore preserving the collective indigenous structures water resources will strengthen social capital and increase Resilience to tensions for water resources co-management.

In this study, a new framework is developed for determining an optimized crop pattern and water pricing for agricultural use. to do this, two different approaches have been taken. In the first approach, determination of the crop pattern and price of water is carried out using an optimization model with the objective of maximizing the benefit of the regional water company, which is in charge of selling water to agricultural sectors, based on a leader-follower concept. In the second approach, the optimized crop pattern and water price are determined using an optimization model with the objective of maximizing the Nash product of benefits of agricultural sectors. In both approaches, the problems solved considering a Local water market between agricultural sectors. The developed approaches are applied to a case study of five neighboring farms in the Mahyar Plain, Isfahan. Based on the results of the first approach considering a Local water market, the optimal price of selling one cubic meters of water by the regional water company to the farmers would be 2490 Rials and the price of selling water in the market would be 5250 Rials. The values of average annual benefit of the regional water company and farmers are higher than those gained for the case of not having a Local water market. In the second approach, selling one cubic meters of water at 2500 Rials by the regional water company and 6300 Rials in the Local market give the highest average annual benefit for both water company and farmers.

Following the occurrence of environmental challenges, socio-economic and especially physical inequalities in most countries are affected by the dominance of policy and approach of development management from top to bottom, the ground for paying attention and change the approach to development from the bottom to top, in order to balance the physical-spatial organization of rural settlements was provided. In this theory, by paying attention to Local communities through their empowerment, power and stability of all Stakeholders involved in the management process, especially Local communities are recognized. However, what can be seen in the spatial management system in rural areas of developing countries is the empowerment of the Local community. Thus, it has led to impaired and balanced development in rural settlements. Therefore, this study attempts to analyze the effects of Local Stakeholders ' empowerment on the physical changes of rural settlements in Semnan province. In modern theories of rural management, managerial thought is based on the mechanisms of empowerment of Local Stakeholders, the field of intervention, creation of the capability and power penetration framework of members along with Local communities in the process of rural management. However, in the current rural management systems, the empowerment of Local communities and their role in the process of rural management is weak. With the introduction of a communicative and interactive approach in rural management process through facilitating methods, empowerment has been proposed, which emphasizes on rural participation and self-reliance. On this basis, the degree of desirability of rural management is closely related to the dominant approach on how to perform the action. The more the participation of the main actors in the process of rural management, the more effective decisions will be in rural development and this depends on the approach adopted in the method and stages of management. The present study has been conducted by using descriptive-analytical method and quantitative and qualitative methods. To analyze the rural management approach in Semnan province in terms of empowerment indices, Local stakeholder empowerment indices were used through 14 empowerment indices. Measurement of physical transformations of rural settlements was done through seven indices. The statistical population of the study is 394 villages inhabited by Semnan province. According to the Cochran formula, 400 questionnaires were distributed and completed among 40 villages of Semnan province. In addition, a number of 30+ 1 questionnaires were distributed among villagers and members of the Islamic council of the 40 villages. Data from the questionnaire were tested after coding and entering into the SPSSsoftware. Data were analyzed by one t sample test, Kendall’ s correlation coefficient and multivariate regression test. According to villagers and Local management viewpoint, all measured indices in relation to empowerment of Local Stakeholders in the process of rural management in Semnan province are either average or lower than average. Also, there is a meaningful relation between Local Stakeholders ' empowerment indices and the physical changes of rural settlements in the study area. But, the significance of the most effective factors with the indices of physical changes of rural settlements is due to the low average of indicator parameters. The studied indices in this study were not in a way that led to create the power and empowerment among Local Stakeholders in the process of rural management. In other words, in the current approach, enabling Local Stakeholders, instead of the power of Local Stakeholders, is the state of the power. Therefore, it may create meaning, competence, trust and empowerment among Local Stakeholders.

The present study was conducted to examine the effects of Local tourism Stakeholders' empowerment on their contribution to sustainable tourism development through the mediating role of the perceived environmental effects of tourism programs and projects in Asara. This study examined the affecting and affected variables through descriptive-analytic method and a questionnaire. The results showed a positive and significant relationship between the Local Stakeholders' empowerment with the effects of economic tourism (0. 63), socio-cultural effects of tourism (0. 50), and ecological-environmental effects of tourism development (0. 70). Additionally, the relationship between the perceived socio-cultural effects on participation in sustainable tourism development was confirmed with a path coefficient of 0. 566 and t value of 3. 207. However, the relationship between perceived environmental-ecological and economic effects of tourism projects with the participation of Local Stakeholders in tourism development was not confirmed. In other words, the implementation of tourism programs and projects in an environment, ecological and economic effects were unable to align Local community participation. The results also showed that the empowerment of Local Stakeholders indirectly and with the mediating role of perceived socio-cultural effects from tourism programs and projects on their participation in tourism development only had a positive and significant impact on this aspect.

Today, culinary tourism is a type of tourism that is prospering in the world. Various global experiences show that this industry plays a very important role in the welfare and promotion of life quality of host communities. Due to having various cultural potentials, different regions of Iran, possess special position in this subject. Sarvelat village in Gilan province is one of these destinations that can be cited.Therefore, this study measures the situation of culinary tourism in Sarvelat village from the perspective of Stakeholders, with the aim of increasing the effectiveness of future actions. The statistical population consists of three groups including experts, tourists and residents and the researcher-made questionnaire has been used as data collection tool in this research. It is a descriptive-analytic research and Regression analysis, Entropy and ACSI model has been used for data analysis.research findings indicate that according to the opinions of experts and residents, culinary tourism have the greatest influence on social, economic and cultural development of this village and its effects on "infrastructural", "environmental" and "governmental" aspects were minimal. The index of tourists’ satisfaction from culinary tourism activities in Sarvelat was calculated as 67.16, on a scale from zero to one hundred, which most of all indicates the lack of infrastructure and services in this destination.

Sustainable development in rural areas is one of the fundamental challenges in public policy-making that requires a deep understanding of the perspectives of Local Stakeholders. This study attempts to examine, through qualitative analysis, the key dimensions and components affecting sustainable development in rural areas of Ilam province. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and qualitative in terms of how to collect information. The statistical population includes university professors and expert experts from Ilam Governorate. 15 experts were identified as sufficient for interviews. The present study was conducted using theme analysis. The results show that 60 indicators in the form of 12 components (diversifying the rural economy, improving economic infrastructure, supporting sustainable agriculture, improving the quality of life in rural areas, increasing social participation and empowering Local communities, preserving Local culture and identity, managing natural resources and the environment, developing sustainable tourism, combating climate change and natural disasters, improving rural development policymaking and planning, financing and supporting rural investment, monitoring, evaluating and improving the performance of Local institutions) and 4 dimensions (economic dimension, social dimension, environmental dimension, institutional and governance dimension) constitute the dimensions of the qualitative analysis of sustainable development policies in rural areas: a study based on the perspective of Local Stakeholders. The qualitative analysis of sustainable development policies in rural areas of Ilam province, based on the perspective of Local Stakeholders, shows that sustainable development requires a multidimensional approach. The research findings relate to four key dimensions: economic, social, and environmental.

Background: Performance-Based Financing (PBF) has been advanced as a solution to contribute to improving the performance of health systems in developing countries. This is the case in Benin. This study aims to analyse how two PBF approaches, piloted in Benin, behave during implementation and what effects they produce, through investigating how Local Stakeholders perceive the introduction of PBF, how they adapt the different approaches during implementation, and the behavioural interactions induced by PBF.Methods: The research rests on a socio-anthropological approach and qualitative methods. The design is a case study in two health districts selected on purpose. The selection of health facilities was also done on purpose, until we reached saturation of information. Information was collected through observation and semi-directive interviews supported by an interview guide. Data was analysed through contents and discourse analysis.Results: The Ministry of Health (MoH) strongly supports PBF, but it is not well integrated with other ongoing reforms and processes. Field actors welcome PBF but still do not have a sense of ownership about it. The two PBF approaches differ notably as for the organs in charge of verification. Performance premiums are granted according to a limited number of quantitative indicators plus an extensive qualitative checklist. PBF matrices and verification missions come in addition to routine monitoring. Local Stakeholders accommodate theoretical approaches. Globally, staff is satisfied with PBF and welcomes additional supervision and training. Health providers reckon that PBF forces them to depart from routine, to be more professional and to respect national norms. A major issue is the perceived unfairness in premium distribution. Even if health staff often refer to financial premiums, actually the latter are probably too weak-and  ‘blurred’-to have a lasting inciting effect. It rather seems that PBF motivates health workers through other elements of its ‘package’, especially formative supervisions.Conclusion: If the global picture is quite positive, several issues could jeopardise the success of PBF. It appears crucial to reduce the perceived unfairness in the system, notably through enhancing all facilities’ capacities to ensure they are in line with national norms, as well as to ensure financial and institutional sustainability of the system.

Holistic approach in natural resources management means considering environmental, economical, technical and social issues and at the same time sustainability of this resources for future generations. Integrated natural resources management provides managers, decision makers and planners new insights using cooperative approach which depend on systematic and integrated solution solving. Key actors recognition is required for implementation of adaptive co-management of these resources. Therefore; based on social network analysis, it is possible to determine key actors for environmental decisions. In this article, social powers have characterized based on social network analysis approach at Local Stakeholders' level in Kalak customary bordered area of Kodir village, Mazandaran province. Firstly, natural resources utilizers in the study area have identified based on filed surveys and then trust and collaboration matrices have produced using data from the collected questionnaires. In the next step, Centrality Index has measured and finally geometric position of the actors have specified. The results showed that the centrality index is effective for recognition of actors, who are in a central position and have a key role in co-management of highland rangelands of Kodir village. This research also identifies social powers in Kalak customary bordered area. Natural resources managers and planners could refer to these persons for implementing sustainable management projects.

Resource management governing as one of the most valuable nature resource of watersheds with the involvement of Local beneficiary to participatory management of water resources, one of the requirements of the water security program. So we considered social network analysis as an approach to analyzing the relationship between Local Stakeholders for sustainable management of water resources. The purpose of this study is study social network of Local Stakeholders using social network analysis in watershed of Kharve Olya of Neyshabur city. This study has been made based on trust and participant links and using quantitative and mathematical indicators in network macro-level (density, concentration, links reciprocity, transferability of links, the average geodesic distance). The results show that social capital degree based on trust and participant links was strong and stability and balance of network is evaluated at the upper limit that indicates a high level of mutual trust and participant among the Local Stakeholders. Also the correlation between trust and participant links based on QAP index was 66% and upward average. Results of mean geodesic distance index based on trust and participant link trust indicate trust and participant flow rate is from moderate to high degree. The results can be argued that high levels of social capital and unity among people lead to increase trust and participant flow rate among Stakeholders so we can accomplish successful governing of water resources at the less expense and time.